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RedPharm Drug, Inc.
Dosage Form
N/A
Manufacturer
RedPharm Drug, Inc.
This medication contains important usage instructions, warnings, and side effect information that you should review before use.
WARNING: ADDICTION, ABUSE, AND MISUSE; LIFE-THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION; ACCIDENTAL INGESTION; NEONATAL OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 INTERACTION; HEPATOTOXICITY; AND RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH BENZODIAZEPINES OR OTHER CNS DEPRESSANTS
Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets expose patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. Assess each patient’s risk prior to prescribing Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors and conditions [see WARNINGS].
Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets. Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets or following a dose increase [see WARNINGS].
Accidental Ingestion
Accidental ingestion of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, especially by children, can result in a fatal overdose of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets [see WARNINGS].
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Prolonged use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [see WARNINGS].
Cytochrome P450 3A4 Interaction
The concomitant use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets with all Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may result in an increase in hydrocodone plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. In addition, discontinuation of a concomitantly used Cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer may result in an increase in hydrocodone plasma concentrations. Monitor patients receiving Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets and any Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor or inducer for signs of respiratory depression or sedation [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, WARNINGS, PRECAUTIONS; DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Hepatotoxicity
Acetaminophen has been associated with cases of acute liver failure, at times resulting in liver transplant and death. Most of the cases of liver injury are associated with the use of acetaminophen at doses that exceed 4,000 milligrams per day, and often involve more than one acetaminophen-containing product [see WARNINGS, OVERDOSAGE].
Risks From Concomitant Use With Benzodiazepines Or Other CNS Depressants
Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death [see WARNINGS, PRECAUTIONS; DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Reserve concomitant prescribing of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for use in patients whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.
Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required.
Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets are indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.
Limitations of Use
Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, with opioids, even at recommended doses [see WARNINGS], reserve Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics):
have not been tolerated, or are not expected to be tolerated,
have not provided adequate analgesia, or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia
Important Dosage and Administration Instructions
Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals [see WARNINGS].
Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient's severity of pain, patient response, prior analgesic treatment experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse [see WARNINGS].
Follow patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy and following dosage increases with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets and adjust the dosage accordingly [see WARNINGS].
Initial Dosage
Initiating Treatment with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets
Product Strength
Usual Adult Dosage
AS NEEDED FOR PAIN
The total daily dosage should not exceed
5 mg/325 mg One or two tablets every four to six hours 8 tablets
7.5 mg/325 mg One tablet every four to six hours 6 tablets
10 mg/325 mg One tablet every four to six hours 6 tablets
Conversion from Other Opioids to Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets
There is inter-patient variability in the potency of opioid drugs and opioid formulations. Therefore, a conservative approach is advised when determining the total daily dosage of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets. It is safer to underestimate a patient’s 24‑hour Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets dosage than to overestimate the 24-hour Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets dosage and manage an adverse reaction due to overdose.
Conversion from Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets to Extended-Release Hydrocodone
The relative bioavailability of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets compared to extended-release hydrocodone is unknown, so conversion to extended-release products must be accompanied by close observation for signs of excessive sedation and respiratory depression.
Titration and Maintenance of Therapy
Individually titrate Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions. Continually reevaluate patients receiving Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets to assess the maintenance of pain control and the relative incidence of adverse reactions, as well as monitoring for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse [see WARNINGS]. Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration.
If the level of pain increases after dosage stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets dosage. If unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed, consider reducing the dosage. Adjust the dosage to obtain an appropriate balance between management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions.
Discontinuation of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets
When a patient who has been taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets regularly and may be physically dependent no longer requires therapy with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, taper the dose gradually, by 25% to 50% every 2 to 4 days, while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal. If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise the dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both. Do not abruptly discontinue Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets in a physically-dependent patient [see WARNINGS, DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE].
Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets are contraindicated in patients with:
Significant respiratory depression [see WARNINGS]
Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of
resuscitative equipment [see WARNINGS]
Known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus [see WARNINGS]
Hypersensitivity to hydrocodone or acetaminophen (e.g., anaphylaxis) [see WARNINGS, ADVERSE REACTIONS]
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen Tablets. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
The most frequently reported adverse reactions are light-headedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea and vomiting.
Other adverse reactions include:
Central Nervous System
Drowsiness, mental clouding, lethargy, impairment of mental and physical performance, anxiety, fear, dysphoria, psychological dependence, mood changes.
Gastrointestinal System
Constipation.
Genitourinary System
Ureteral spasm, spasm of vesical sphincters, and urinary retention.
Special Senses
Cases of hearing impairment or permanent loss have been reported predominantly in patients with chronic overdose.
Dermatological
Skin rash, pruritus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, allergic reactions.
Hematological
Thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis.
Serotonin syndrome: Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs.
Adrenal insufficiency: Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use.
Anaphylaxis: Anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets.
Androgen deficiency: Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with chronic use of opioids [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Tris Pharma, Inc., at (732) 940-0358 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or WWW.FDA.GOV/MEDWATCH
Following an acute overdosage, toxicity may result from hydrocodone or acetaminophen.
Clinical Presentation
Acute overdosage with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death. Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations.
Acetaminophen
Dose-dependent, potentially fatal hepatic necrosis is the most serious adverse effect of acetaminophen overdosage. Renal tubular necrosis, hypoglycemic coma and coagulation defects may also occur.
Early symptoms following a potentially hepatotoxic overdose may include: nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis and general malaise. Clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatic toxicity may not be apparent until 48 to 72 hours post-ingestion.
Treatment of Overdose
Hydrocodone
In case of overdose, priorities are the re-establishment of a patent and protected airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation, if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen and vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life-support techniques.
The opioid antagonists, naloxone or nalmefene, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. For clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets overdose, administer an opioid antagonist. Opioid antagonists should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets overdose.
Because the duration of opioid reversal is expected to be less than the duration of action of hydrocodone in Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably reestablished. If the response to an opioid antagonist is suboptimal or only brief in nature, administer additional antagonist as directed by the product’s prescribing information.
In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of the recommended usual dosage of the antagonist will precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome. The severity of the withdrawal symptoms experienced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be initiated with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.
Acetaminophen
Gastric decontamination with activated charcoal should be administered just prior to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to decrease systemic absorption if acetaminophen ingestion is known or suspected to have occurred within a few hours of presentation. Serum acetaminophen levels should be obtained immediately if the patient presents 4 hours or more after ingestion to assess potential risk of hepatotoxicity; acetaminophen levels drawn less than 4 hours post-ingestion may be misleading. To obtain the best possible outcome, NAC should be administered as soon as possible where impending or evolving liver injury is suspected. Intravenous NAC may be administered when circumstances preclude oral administration.
Vigorous supportive therapy is required in severe intoxication. Procedures to limit the continuing absorption of the drug must be readily performed since the hepatic injury is dose dependent and occurs early in the course of intoxication.
Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, USP CII
(hye” droe koe’done bye tar’trate and a seet a min’oh fen)
Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets are:
A strong prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid (narcotic) that is used to manage pain severe enough to require an opioid pain medicine, when other pain treatments such as non-opioid pain medicines do not treat your pain well enough or you cannot tolerate them.
An opioid pain medicine that can put you at risk for overdose and death. Even if you take your dose correctly as prescribed you are at risk for opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse that can lead to death.
Important information about Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets:
Get emergency help right away if you take too much Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets (overdose). When you first start taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, when your dose is changed, or if you take too much (overdose), serious or life-threatening breathing problems that can lead to death may occur.
Taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets with other opioid medicines, benzodiazepines, alcohol, or other central nervous system depressants (including street drugs) can cause severe drowsiness, decreased awareness, breathing problems, coma, and death.
Never give anyone else your Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets. They could die from taking it. Store Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets away from children and in a safe place to prevent stealing or abuse. Selling or giving away Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets is against the law.
Do not take Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets if you have:
severe asthma, trouble breathing, or other lung problems.
a bowel blockage or have narrowing of the stomach or intestines.
known hypersensitivity to hydrocodone or acetaminophen, or any ingredient in hydrocodone and acetaminophen tablets.
Before taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of:
head injury, seizures ● liver, kidney, thyroid problems
problems urinating ● pancreas or gallbladder problems
abuse of street or prescription drugs, alcohol addiction, or mental health problems.
Tell your healthcare provider if you are:
pregnant or planning to become pregnant. Prolonged use of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets during pregnancy can cause withdrawal symptoms in your newborn baby that could be life-threatening if not recognized and treated.
breast feeding. Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen passes into breast milk and may harm your baby.
taking prescription or over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or herbal supplements. Taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets with certain other medicines can cause serious side effects that could lead to death.
When taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets:
Do not change your dose. Take Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Use the lowest dose possible for the shortest time needed.
Take your prescribed dose every four to six hours as needed for pain.
Do not take more than your prescribed dose. If you miss a dose, take your next dose at your usual time.
Call your healthcare provider if the dose you are taking does not control your pain.
If you have been taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets regularly, do not stop taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets without talking to your healthcare provider.
After you stop taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, the unused tablets should be disposed of by flushing down the toilet.
While taking Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets DO NOT:
Drive or operate heavy machinery, until you know how Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets affects you. Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets can make you sleepy, dizzy, or lightheaded.
Drink alcohol or use prescription or over-the-counter medicines that contain alcohol. Using products containing alcohol during treatment with Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets may cause you to overdose and die.
The possible side effects of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets:
constipation, nausea, sleepiness, vomiting, tiredness, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain. Call your healthcare provider if you have any of these symptoms and they are severe.
Get emergency medical help if you have:
trouble breathing, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, chest pain, swelling of your face, tongue, or throat, extreme drowsiness, light-headedness when changing positions, feeling faint, agitation, high body temperature, trouble walking, stiff muscles, or mental changes such as confusion.
These are not all the possible side effects of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. For more information go to dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
Manufactured by: Tris Pharma, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852 www.trispharma.com
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
LB8450
Rev 00
02/2017
Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen is available in tablet form for oral administration.
Hydrocodone bitartrate is an opioid analgesic and occurs as fine, white crystals or as a crystalline powder. It is affected by light. The chemical name is: 4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one tartrate (1:1) hydrate (2:5). It has the following structural formula:
[Structure-1]
C18H21NO3•C4H6O6 •2 ½ H2O M.W. = 494.49
Acetaminophen, 4'-hydroxyacetanilide, a slightly bitter, white, odorless, crystalline powder, is a non-opiate, non-salicylate analgesic and antipyretic. It has the following structural formula:
[Structure-2]
C8H9NO2 M.W. = 151.16
Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen Tablets, USP for oral administration are available in the following strengths:
Product Strength Hydrocodone Bitartrate Acetaminophen
5 mg/325 mg 5 mg 325 mg
7.5 mg/325 mg 7.5 mg 325 mg
10 mg/325 mg 10 mg 325 mg
In addition, each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, silicon dioxide, and stearic acid.
Meets USP Dissolution Test 2.
[image: img_6a0f2ca5-69ea-67cb-e053-2991aa0afd6a]
Each tablet contains 5 mg of hydrocodone bitartrate and 325 mg of acetaminophen. They are available as white capsule-shaped tablets, bisected on one side and debossed on the other side with G 035.
NDC 27808-035-01 Bottles of 100
NDC 27808-035-02 Bottles of 500
NDC 27808-035-03 Bottles of 1000
Each tablet contains 7.5 mg of hydrocodone bitartrate and 325 mg of acetaminophen. They are available as white capsule-shaped tablets, bisected on one side and debossed on the other side with G 036.
NDC 27808-036-01 Bottles of 100
NDC 27808-036-01 Bottles of 500
NDC 27808-036-01 Bottles of 1000
Each tablet contains 10 mg of hydrocodone bitartrate and 325 mg of acetaminophen. They are available as white capsule-shaped tablets, bisected on one side and debossed on the other side with G 037.
NDC 27808-037-01 Bottles of 100
NDC 27808-037-02 Bottles of 500
NDC 27808-037-03 Bottles of 1000
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].
PHARMACIST: Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP with a child-resistant closure.
Contains a Schedule II controlled drug substance.
Manufactured by:
Tris Pharma, Inc.
Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852
www.trispharma.com
LB8138
Rev. 05 12/2017
Photos of the product and/or packaging supplied by the manufacturer.
Mechanism of Action
Hydrocodone is full opioid agonist with relative selectivity for the mu-opioid (μ) receptor, although it can interact with other opioid receptors at higher doses. The principal therapeutic action of hydrocodone is analgesia. Like all full opioid agonists, there is no ceiling effect for analgesia with hydrocodone. Clinically, dosage is titrated to provide adequate analgesia and may be limited by adverse reactions, including respiratory and CNS depression.
The precise mechanism of the analgesic action is unknown. However, specific CNS opioid receptors for endogenous compounds with opioid-like activity have been identified throughout the brain and spinal cord and are thought to play a role in the analgesic effects of this drug.
The precise mechanism of the analgesic properties of acetaminophen is not established but is thought to involve central actions.
Pharmacodynamics
Effects on the Central Nervous System
The principal therapeutic action of hydrocodone is analgesia. Hydrocodone produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation.
Hydrocodone causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to hypoxia in overdose situations.
Therapeutic doses of acetaminophen have negligible effects on the cardiovascular or respiratory systems; however, toxic doses may cause circulatory failure and rapid, shallow breathing.
Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle
Hydrocodone causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm, resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.
Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Hydrocodone produces peripheral vasodilation which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.
Effects on the Endocrine System
Opioids inhibit the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon.
Chronic use of opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as symptoms as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the syndrome of
hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Effects on the Immune System
Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Overall, the effects of opioids appear to be modestly immunosuppressive.
Concentration–Efficacy Relationships
The minimum effective analgesic concentration will vary widely among patients, especially among patients who have been previously treated with potent agonist opioids. The minimum effective analgesic concentration of hydrocodone for any individual patient may increase over time due to an increase in pain, the development of a new pain syndrome, and/or the development of analgesic tolerance [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Concentration–Adverse Reaction Relationships
There is a relationship between increasing hydrocodone plasma concentration and increasing frequency of dose-related opioid adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, CNS effects, and respiratory depression. In opioid-tolerant patients, the situation may be altered by the development of tolerance to opioid-related adverse reactions [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Pharmacokinetics
The behavior of the individual components is described below.
Hydrocodone
Following a 10 mg oral dose of hydrocodone administered to five adult male subjects, the mean peak concentration was 23.6 ± 5.2 ng/mL. Maximum serum levels were achieved at 1.3 ± 0.3 hours and the half-life was determined to be 3.8 ± 0.3 hours.
Hydrocodone exhibits a complex pattern of metabolism including O-demethylation, N-demethylation and 6-keto reduction to the corresponding 6-α- and 6-β-hydroxymetabolites. See OVERDOSAGE for toxicity information.
CYP3A4 mediated N-demethylation to norhydrocodone is the primary metabolic pathway of hydrocodone with a lower contribution from CYP2D6 mediated O-demethylation to hydromorphone. Hydromorphone is formed from the O-demethylation of hydrocodone and may contribute to the total analgesic effect of hydrocodone. Therefore, the formation of these and related metabolites can, in theory, be affected by other drugs [see PRECAUTIONS; DRUG INTERACTIONS]. N-demethylation of hydrocodone to form norhydrocodone via CYP3A4 while O-demethylation of hydrocodone to hydromorphone is predominantly catalyzed by CYP2D6 and to a lesser extent by an unknown low affinity CYP enzyme. Hydrocodone and its metabolites are eliminated primarily in the kidneys.
Acetaminophen
Acetaminophen is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is distributed throughout most body tissues. A small fraction (10
- to 25%) of acetaminophen is bound to plasma proteins. The plasma half-life is 1.25 to 3 hours, but may be increased by liver damage and following overdosage. Elimination of acetaminophen is principally by liver metabolism (conjugation) and subsequent renal excretion of metabolites. Acetaminophen is primarily metabolized in the liver by first-order kinetics and involves three principal separate pathways: conjugation with glucuronide; conjugation with sulfate; and oxidation via the cytochrome, P450-dependent, mixed-function oxidase enzyme pathway to form a reactive intermediate metabolite, which conjugates with glutathione and is then further metabolized to form cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates. The principal cytochrome P450 isoenzyme involved appears to be CYP2E1, with CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 as additional pathways. Approximately 85% of an oral dose appears in the urine within 24 hours of administration, most as the glucuronide conjugate, with small amounts of other conjugates and unchanged drug.
See OVERDOSAGE for toxicity information.
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