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Metformin Hydrochloride Extended Release
Tablets USP · NuCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Lactic Acidosis:
Lactic acidosis is a rare, but serious, metabolic complication that can occur due to metformin accumulation during treatment with metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP when it occurs, it is fatal in approximately 50% of cases. Lactic acidosis may also occur in association with a number of pathophysiologic conditions, including diabetes mellitus, and whenever there is significant tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxemia. Lactic acidosis is characterized by elevated blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/L), decreased blood pH, electrolyte disturbances with an increased anion gap, and an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio. When metformin is implicated as the cause of lactic acidosis, metformin plasma levels >5 μg/mL are generally found.
The reported incidence of lactic acidosis in patients receiving metformin hydrochloride is very low (approximately 0.03 cases/1000 patient-years, with approximately 0.015 fatal cases/1000 patient-years). In more than 20,000 patient-years exposure to metformin in clinical trials, there were no reports of lactic acidosis. Reported cases have occurred primarily in diabetic patients with significant renal insufficiency, including both intrinsic renal disease and renal hypoperfusion, often in the setting of multiple concomitant medical/surgical problems and multiple concomitant medications. Patients with congestive heart failure requiring pharmacologic management, in particular those with unstable or acute congestive heart failure who are at risk of hypoperfusion and hypoxemia, are at increased risk of lactic acidosis. The risk of lactic acidosis increases with the degree of renal dysfunction and the patient's age. The risk of lactic acidosis may, therefore, be significantly decreased by regular monitoring of renal function in patients taking metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and by use of the minimum effective dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP. In particular, treatment of the elderly should be accompanied by careful monitoring of renal function. Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP treatment should not be initiated in patients ≥80 years of age unless measurement of creatinine clearance demonstrates that renal function is not reduced, as these patients are more susceptible to developing lactic acidosis. In addition, metformin hydrochloride should be promptly withheld in the presence of any condition associated with hypoxemia, dehydration, or sepsis. Because impaired hepatic function may significantly limit the ability to clear lactate, metformin hydrochloride should generally be avoided in patients with clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic disease. Patients should be cautioned against excessive alcohol intake, either acute or chronic, when taking metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, since alcohol potentiates the effects of metformin hydrochloride on lactate metabolism. In addition, metformin hydrochloride should be temporarily discontinued prior to any intravascular radiocontrast study and for any surgical procedure (see also PRECAUTIONS).
The onset of lactic acidosis often is subtle, and accompanied only by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, increasing somnolence, and nonspecific abdominal distress. There may be associated hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias with more marked acidosis. The patient and the patient's physician must be aware of the possible importance of such symptoms and the patient should be instructed to notify the physician immediately if they occur (see also PRECAUTIONS). Metformin hydrochloride should be withdrawn until the situation is clarified. Serum electrolytes, ketones, blood glucose, and if indicated, blood pH, lactate levels, and even blood metformin levels may be useful. Once a patient is stabilized on any dose level of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, gastrointestinal symptoms, which are common during initiation of therapy, are unlikely to be drug related. Later occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms could be due to lactic acidosis or other serious disease.
Levels of fasting venous plasma lactate above the upper limit of normal but less than 5 mmol/L in patients taking metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP do not necessarily indicate impending lactic acidosis and may be explainable by other mechanisms, such as poorly controlled diabetes or obesity, vigorous physical activity, or technical problems in sample handling. (See also PRECAUTIONS).
Lactic acidosis should be suspected in any diabetic patient with metabolic acidosis lacking evidence of ketoacidosis (ketonuria and ketonemia).
Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency that must be treated in a hospital setting. In a patient with lactic acidosis who is taking metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, the drug should be discontinued immediately and general supportive measures promptly instituted. Because metformin hydrochloride is dialyzable (with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions), prompt hemodialysis is recommended to correct the acidosis and remove the accumulated metformin. Such management often results in prompt reversal of symptoms and recovery. (See also CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS).
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP are indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
There is no fixed dosage regimen for the management of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes with metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP or any other pharmacologic agent. Dosage of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP must be individualized on the basis of both effectiveness and tolerance, while not exceeding the maximum recommended daily doses. The maximum recommended daily dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP in adults is 2000 mg.
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP should generally be given once daily with the evening meal. Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP should be started at a low dose, with gradual dose escalation, both to reduce gastrointestinal side effects and to permit identification of the minimum dose required for adequate glycemic control of the patient.
During treatment initiation and dose titration (see Recommended Dosing Schedule ), fasting plasma glucose should be used to determine the therapeutic response to metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and identify the minimum effective dose for the patient. Thereafter, glycosylated hemoglobin should be measured at intervals of approximately three months. The therapeutic goal should be to decrease both fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels to normal or near normal by using the lowest effective dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, either when used as monotherapy or in combination with sulfonylurea or insulin.
Monitoring of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin will also permit detection of primary failure, i.e., inadequate lowering of blood glucose at the maximum recommended dose of medication, and secondary failure, i.e., loss of an adequate blood glucose lowering response after an initial period of effectiveness.
Short-term administration of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP may be sufficient during periods of transient loss of control in patients usually well-controlled on diet alone.
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP must be swallowed whole and never crushed or chewed. Occasionally, the inactive ingredients of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP will be eliminated in the feces as a soft, hydrated mass. (See Patient Information printed below.)
Metformin hydrochloride are contraindicated in patients with:
- Renal disease or renal dysfunction (e.g., as suggested by serum creatinine levels ≥1.5 mg/dL [males], ≥1.4 mg/dL [females] or abnormal creatinine clearance) which may also result from conditions such as cardiovascular collapse (shock), acute myocardial infarction, and septicemia (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS ).
- Known hypersensitivity to metformin hydrochloride.
- Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma. Diabetic ketoacidosis should be treated with insulin.
Metformin hydrochloride should be temporarily discontinued in patients undergoing radiologic studies involving intravascular administration of iodinated contrast materials, because use of such products may result in acute alteration of renal function. (See also PRECAUTIONS. )
Drug Interactions (Clinical Evaluation of Drug Interactions Conducted with Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets)
Glyburide - In a single-dose interaction study in type 2 diabetes patients, coadministration of metformin and glyburide did not result in any changes in either metformin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Decreases in glyburide AUC and C max were observed, but were highly variable. The single-dose nature of this study and the lack of correlation between glyburide blood levels and pharmacodynamic effects, makes the clinical significance of this interaction uncertain (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Concomitant Metformin Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablets USP and Oral Sulfonylurea Therapy in Adult Patients ).
Furosemide - A single-dose, metformin-furosemide drug interaction study in healthy subjects demonstrated that pharmacokinetic parameters of both compounds were affected by coadministration. Furosemide increased the metformin plasma and blood C max by 22% and blood AUC by 15%, without any significant change in metformin renal clearance. When administered with metformin, the C max and AUC of furosemide were 31% and 12% smaller, respectively, than when administered alone, and the terminal half-life was decreased by 32%, without any significant change in furosemide renal clearance. No information is available about the interaction of metformin and furosemide when coadministered chronically.
Nifedipine - A single-dose, metformin-nifedipine drug interaction study in normal healthy volunteers demonstrated that coadministration of nifedipine increased plasma metformin C max and AUC by 20% and 9%, respectively, and increased the amount excreted in the urine. T max and half-life were unaffected. Nifedipine appears to enhance the absorption of metformin. Metformin had minimal effects on nifedipine.
Cationic drugs - Cationic drugs (e.g., amiloride, digoxin, morphine, procainamide, quinidine, quinine, ranitidine, triamterene, trimethoprim, or vancomycin) that are eliminated by renal tubular secretion theoretically have the potential for interaction with metformin by competing for common renal tubular transport systems. Such interaction between metformin and oral cimetidine has been observed in normal healthy volunteers in both single- and multiple-dose, metformin-cimetidine drug interaction studies, with a 60% increase in peak metformin plasma and whole blood concentrations and a 40% increase in plasma and whole blood metformin AUC. There was no change in elimination half-life in the single-dose study. Metformin had no effect on cimetidine pharmacokinetics. Although such interactions remain theoretical (except for cimetidine), careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and/or the interfering drug is recommended in patients who are taking cationic medications that are excreted via the proximal renal tubular secretory system.
Other - Certain drugs tend to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of glycemic control. These drugs include the thiazides and other diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, thyroid products, estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, sympathomimetics, calcium channel blocking drugs, and isoniazid. When such drugs are administered to a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, the patient should be closely observed for loss of blood glucose control. When such drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, the patient should be observed closely for hypoglycemia.
In healthy volunteers, the pharmacokinetics of metformin and propranolol, and metformin and ibuprofen were not affected when coadministered in single-dose interaction studies.
Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins and is, therefore, less likely to interact with highly protein-bound drugs such as salicylates, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, and probenecid, as compared to the sulfonylureas, which are extensively bound to serum proteins.
In worldwide clinical trials over 900 patients with type 2 diabetes have been treated with metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP in placebo- and active-controlled studies. In placebo-controlled trials, 781 patients were administered metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and 195 patients received placebo. Adverse reactions reported in greater than 5% of the metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP patients, and that were more common in metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP - than placebo-treated patients, are listed in Table 12.
|
Table 12: Most Common Adverse Reactions (>5.0 Percent) in Placebo-Controlled Studies of Metformin Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablets USP* |
||
|
|
Metformin
Hydrochloride
Extended Release Tablets USP ( n = 781 ) |
Placebo
( n = 195 ) |
|
Adverse
Reaction
|
%
of
Patients
|
|
| Diarrhea
|
9.6
|
2.6
|
| Nausea/Vomiting
|
6.5
|
1.5
|
|
*Reactions that were more common in metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP - than placebo-treated patients.
|
Diarrhea led to discontinuation of study medication in 0.6% of patients treated with metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP. Additionally, the following adverse reactions were reported in ≥1.0% - ≤5.0% of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP patients and were more commonly reported with metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP than placebo: abdominal pain, constipation, distention abdomen, dyspepsia/heartburn, flatulence, dizziness, headache, upper respiratory infection, taste disturbance.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category B
Recent information strongly suggests that abnormal blood glucose levels during pregnancy are associated with a higher incidence of congenital abnormalities. Most experts recommend that insulin be used during pregnancy to maintain blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, metformin hydrochloride should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly needed.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women with metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP. Metformin was not teratogenic in rats and rabbits at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day. This represents an exposure of about two and six times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2000 mg based on body surface area comparisons for rats and rabbits, respectively. Determination of fetal concentrations demonstrated a partial placental barrier to metformin.
Nursing Mothers
Studies in lactating rats show that metformin is excreted into milk and reaches levels comparable to those in plasma. Similar studies have not been conducted in nursing mothers. Because the potential for hypoglycemia in nursing infants may exist, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. If metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP is discontinued, and if diet alone is inadequate for controlling blood glucose, insulin therapy should be considered.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use
Controlled clinical studies of metformin hydrochloride did not include sufficient numbers of elderly patients to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients, although other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. Metformin is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney and because the risk of serious adverse reactions to the drug is greater in patients with impaired renal function, metformin hydrochloride should only be used in patients with normal renal function (see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS , and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics ). Because aging is associated with reduced renal function, metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP should be used with caution as age increases. Care should be taken in dose selection and should be based on careful and regular monitoring of renal function. Generally, elderly patients should not be titrated to the maximum dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP (see also WARNINGS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).
Overdose of metformin hydrochloride has occurred, including ingestion of amounts greater than 50 grams. Hypoglycemia was reported in approximately 10% of cases, but no causal association with metformin hydrochloride has been established. Lactic acidosis has been reported in approximately 32% of metformin overdose cases (see WARNINGS ). Metformin is dialyzable with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions. Therefore, hemodialysis may be useful for removal of accumulated drug from patients in whom metformin overdosage is suspected.
Information for Patients
Patients should be informed of the potential risks and benefits of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and of alternative modes of therapy. They should also be informed about the importance of adherence to dietary instructions, of a regular exercise program, and of regular testing of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, renal function, and hematologic parameters.
The risks of lactic acidosis, its symptoms, and conditions that predispose to its development, as noted in the WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS sections, should be explained to patients. Patients should be advised to discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP immediately and to promptly notify their health practitioner if unexplained hyperventilation, myalgia, malaise, unusual somnolence, or other nonspecific symptoms occur. Once a patient is stabilized on any dose level of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, gastrointestinal symptoms, which are common during initiation of metformin therapy, are unlikely to be drug related. Later occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms could be due to lactic acidosis or other serious disease.
Patients should be counselled against excessive alcohol intake, either acute or chronic, while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP.
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP alone does not usually cause hypoglycemia, although it may occur when metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP is used in conjunction with oral sulfonylureas and insulin. When initiating combination therapy, the risks of hypoglycemia, its symptoms and treatment, and conditions that predispose to its development should be explained to patients and responsible family members. (See Patient Information printed below.)
Patients should be informed that metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP must be swallowed whole and not crushed or chewed, and that the inactive ingredients may occasionally be eliminated in the feces as a soft mass that may resemble the original tablet.
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP is an oral antihyperglycemic drug used in the management of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride ( N,N-dimethylimidodicar- bonimidic diamide hydrochloride) is not chemically or pharmacologically related to any other classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents. The structural formula is as shown:
[image: mm01]Metformin hydrochloride is a white to off-white crystalline compound with a molecular formula of C 4H 11N 5• HCl and a molecular weight of 165.63. Metformin hydrochloride is freely soluble in water and is practically insoluble in acetone, ether, and chloroform. The pK a of metformin is 12.4. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution of metformin hydrochloride is 6.68.
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP contain 500 mg of metformin hydrochloride USP as the active ingredient.
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP 500 mg contain the inactive ingredients sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hypromellose and magnesium stearate. Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP 500 mg meets USP dissolution Test 3.
System Components and Performance- Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP comprises a swellable matrix system. In the aqueous gastrointestinal (GI) environment, the dosage form swells remarkably thereby increasing in size and geometry from where drug is released slowly by a process of diffusion through the gel matrix that is essentially independent of pH. The hydrated polymer system is not rigid and is expected to be broken up by normal peristalsis in the GI tract. The biologically inert components of the tablet may occasionally remain intact during GI transit and will be eliminated in the feces as a soft, hydrated mass.
[image: img_3f67a090-ff40-4382-e063-6294a90a806e]
Metformin Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablets USP
Bottles of 20 NDC 68071-1419-2
Bottles of 30 NDC 68071-1419-3
Bottles of 60 NDC 68071-1419-6
Bottles of 90 NDC 68071-1419-9
Bottles of 180 NDC 68071-1419-8
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP 500 mg are white to off-white, capsule shaped, biconvex, beveled edge tablet, with occasionally mottled appearance, debossed with " ˥L 001" on one side and plain on other side.
Storage
Store at 20° to 25° C (68° to 77° F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30° C (59° to 86° F). (See USP Controlled Room Temperature.)
Dispense in light-resistant containers.
Manufactured By:
Inventia Healthcare Private Limited
Plot No.F1 & F-1/1, Additional Ambernath M.I.D.C.,
Ambernath (East)-421506,
Dist. Thane, Maharashtra, India
Distributed by:
Ascend Laboratories, LLC Montvale,
NJ 07645
PT 1977
What it looks like
Photos of the product and/or packaging supplied by the manufacturer.
Package codes (NDC)
- 68071-1419-2
- 68071-1419-3
- 68071-1419-6
- 68071-1419-8
- 68071-1419-9
Full prescribing information (for healthcare professionals)
SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION
Rx only
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
MECHANISM OF ACTION SECTION
Mechanism of Action
Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Its pharmacologic mechanisms of action are different from other classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin does not produce hypoglycemia in either patients with type 2 diabetes or normal subjects (except in special circumstances, see
PRECAUTIONS
) and does not cause hyperinsulinemia. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may actually decrease.
PHARMACOKINETICS SECTION
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption and Bioavailability
Following a single oral dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, C
max is achieved with a median value of 7 hours and a range of 4 hours to 8 hours.
Peak plasma levels are approximately 20% lower compared to the same dose of metformin hydrochloride tablets however, the extent of absorption (as measured by AUC) is similar to metformin hydrochloride tablets.
At steady state, the AUC and C max are less than dose proportional for metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP within the range of 500 mg to 2000 mg administered once daily. Peak plasma levels are approximately 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.8 μg/mL for 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg once-daily doses, respectively. The extent of metformin absorption (as measured by AUC) from metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP at a 2000 mg once-daily dose is similar to the same total daily dose administered as metformin hydrochloride tablets 1000 mg twice daily. After repeated administration of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, metformin did not accumulate in plasma.
Within-subject variability in C max and AUC of metformin from metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP is comparable to that with metformin hydrochloride tablets.
Although the extent of metformin absorption (as measured by AUC) from the metformin hydrochloride extended release tablet USP increased by approximately 50% when given with food, there was no effect of food on C max and T max of metformin. Both high and low fat meals had the same effect on the pharmacokinetics of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP.
Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin following single oral doses of metformin hydrochloride 850 mg tablets averaged 654 ± 358 L. Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins, in contrast to sulfonylureas, which are more than 90% protein bound. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes, most likely as a function of time. At usual clinical doses and dosing schedules of metformin hydrochloride, steady state plasma concentrations of metformin are reached within 24 to 48 hours and are generally LESS THAN 1 μg/mL. During controlled clinical trials of metformin hydrochloride tablets, maximum metformin plasma levels did not exceed 5 μg/mL, even at maximum doses.
Metabolism and Elimination
Intravenous single-dose studies in normal subjects demonstrate that metformin is excreted unchanged in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans) nor biliary excretion. Renal clearance (see Table 1 ) is approximately 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours, with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 6.2 hours. In blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution.
Special Populations
Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
In the presence of normal renal function, there are no differences between single- or multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of metformin between patients with type 2 diabetes and normal subjects (see Table 1 ), nor is there any accumulation of metformin in either group at usual clinical doses.
The pharmacokinetics of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP in patients with type 2 diabetes are comparable to those in healthy normal adults.
Renal Insufficiency
In patients with decreased renal function (based on measured creatinine clearance), the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased in proportion to the decrease in creatinine clearance (see Table 1 ; also see WARNINGS ).
Hepatic Insufficiency
No pharmacokinetic studies of metformin have been conducted in patients with hepatic insufficiency.
Geriatrics
Limited data from controlled pharmacokinetic studies of metformin hydrochloride in healthy elderly subjects suggest that total plasma clearance of metformin is decreased, the half-life is prolonged, and C max is increased, compared to healthy young subjects. From these data, it appears that the change in metformin pharmacokinetics with aging is primarily accounted for by a change in renal function (see Table 1 ). Metformin hydrochloride treatment should not be initiated in patients ≥ 80 years of age unless measurement of creatinine clearance demonstrates that renal function is not reduced (see WARNINGS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).
|
Table 1: Select Mean (±S.D.) Metformin Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Single or Multiple Oral Doses of Metformin Hydrochloride. |
|||
|
Subject Groups : Metformin Hydrochloride dose a ( number of subjects ) |
C max b ( μg / mL ) |
T max c ( hrs ) |
Renal
Clearance ( mL / min ) |
|
Healthy,
nondiabetic
adults
:
500 mg single dose (24) 850 mg single dose (74) d 850 mg three times daily for 19 doses e (9) |
1.03 (±0.33) 1.60 (±0.38) 2.01 (±0.42) |
2.75 (±0.81) 2.64 (±0.82) 1.79 (±0.94) |
600 (±132) 552 (±139) 642 (±173) |
|
Adults
with
type
2
diabetes
:
850 mg single dose (23) 850 mg three times daily for 19 doses e (9) |
1.48 (±0.5) 1.90 (±0.62) |
3.32 (±1.08) 2.01 (±1.22) |
491 (±138) 550 (±160) |
|
Elderly
f
,
healthy
nondiabetic
adults
:
850 mg single dose (12) |
2.45 (±0.70) |
2.71 (±1.05) |
412 (±98) |
|
Renal
-
impaired
adults
:
850 mg single dose Mild (CL c r g 61-90 mL/min) (5) Moderate (CL c r 31-60 mL/min) (4) Severe (CL c r 10-30 mL/min) (6) |
1.86 (±0.52) 4.12 (±1.83) 3.93 (±0.92) |
3.20 (±0.45) 3.75 (±0.50) 4.01 (±1.10) |
384 (±122) 108 (±57) 130 (±90) |
|
aAll doses given fasting except the first 18 doses of the multiple dose studies
bPeak plasma concentration
cTime to peak plasma concentration
dCombined results (average means) of five studies: mean age 32 years (range 23-59 years)
eKinetic study done following dose 19, given fasting
fElderly subjects, mean age 71 years (range 65-81 years)
gCL
c
r = creatinine clearance normalized to body surface area of 1.73 m
2
|
Pediatrics
After administration of a single oral metformin hydrochloride 500 mg tablet with food, geometric mean metformin C max and AUC differed less than 5% between pediatric type 2 diabetic patients (12 to 16 years of age) and gender- and weight-matched healthy adults (20 to 45 years of age), all with normal renal function.
Gender
Metformin pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes when analyzed according to gender (males = 19, females = 16). Similarly, in controlled clinical studies in patients with type 2 diabetes, the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin hydrochloride tablets was comparable in males and females.
Race
No studies of metformin pharmacokinetic parameters according to race have been performed. In controlled clinical studies of metformin hydrochloride tablets in patients with type 2 diabetes, the antihyperglycemic effect was comparable in whites (n=249), blacks (n=51), and Hispanics (n=24).
CLINICAL STUDIES SECTION
Clinical Studies
Metformin Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablets USP
A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP , taken once daily with the evening meal, was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes who had failed to achieve glycemic control with diet and exercise (HbA 1c 7.0%-10.0%, FPG 126-270 mg/dL). Patients entering the study had a mean baseline HbA 1c of 8.0% and a mean baseline FPG of 176 mg/dL. After 12 weeks treatment, mean HbA 1c had increased from baseline by 0.1% and mean FPG decreased from baseline by 2 mg/dL in the placebo group, compared with a decrease in mean HbA 1c had increased from baseline by 0.1% and mean FPG decreased from baseline by 2 mg/dL in the placebo group, compared with a decrease in mean HbA 1c of 0.6% and a decrease in mean FPG of 23 mg/dL in patients treated with metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP 1000 mg once daily. Subsequently, the treatment dose was increased to 1500 mg once daily if HbA 1c was ≥7.0% but <8.0% (patients with HbA 1c ≥8.0% were discontinued from the study). At the final visit (24-week), mean HbA 1c had increased 0.2% from baseline in placebo patients and decreased 0.6% with metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP.
A 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, taken once daily with the evening meal or twice daily with meals, was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes who had failed to achieve glycemic control with diet and exercise (HbA
1c 7.0%-11.0%, FPG 126-280 mg/dL). Changes in glycemic control and body weight are shown in
Table 6.
|
Table 6: Summary of Mean Changes from Baseline* in HbA 1c, Fasting Plasma Glucose, and Body Weight at Final Visit (16-week study) |
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|
|
Metformin
Hydrochloride
Extended
Release Tablets USP
|
|
||||
|
|
500
mg
Once Daily |
1000
mg
Once Daily |
1500
mg
Once Daily |
2000
mg
Once Daily |
1000
mg
Twice Daily |
Placebo
|
|
Hemoglobin
A
1
c
(%)
Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT p-value a |
(
n
=
115
)
8.2 -0.4 <0.001 |
(
n
=
115
)
8.4 -0.6 <0.001 |
(
n
=
111
)
8.3 -0.9 <0.001 |
(
n
=
125
)
8.4 -0.8 <0.001 |
(
n
=
112
)
8.4 -1.1 <0.001 |
(
n
=
111
)
8.4 0.1 - |
|
FPG
(
mg
/
dL
)
Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT p-value a |
(
n
=
126
)
182.7 -15.2 <0.001 |
(
n
=
118
)
183.7 -19.3 <0.001 |
(
n
=
120
)
178.9 -28.5 <0.001 |
(
n
=
132
)
181.0 -29.9 <0.001 |
(
n
=
122
)
181.6 -33.6 <0.001 |
(
n
=
113
)
179.6 7.6 - |
|
Body
Weight
(
lbs
)
Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT p-value a |
(
n
=
125
)
192.9 -1.3 NS** |
(
n
=
119
)
191.8 -1.3 NS** |
(
n
=
117
)
188.3 -0.7 NS** |
(
n
=
131
)
195.4 -1.5 NS** |
(
n
=
119
)
192.5 -2.2 NS** |
(
n
=
113
)
194.3 -1.8 - |
|
* All patients on diet therapy at Baseline
a
All comparisons versus Placebo
** Not statistically significant
|
Compared with placebo, improvement in glycemic control was seen at all dose levels of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and treatment was not associated with any significant change in weight (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for dosing recommendations for metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP).
A 24-week, double-blind, randomized study of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, taken once daily with the evening meal, and metformin hydrochloride tablets, taken twice daily (with breakfast and evening meal), was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes who had been treated with metformin hydrochloride tablets 500 mg twice daily for at least 8 weeks prior to study entry.
The metformin hydrochloride tablets dose had not necessarily been titrated to achieve a specific level of glycemic control prior to study entry. Patients qualified for the study if HbA 1c was ≤8.5% and FPG was ≤200 mg/dL. Changes in glycemic control and body weight are shown in Table 7.
|
Table 7: Summary of Mean Changes from Baseline * in HbA 1c, Fasting Plasma Glucose, and Body Weight at Week 12 and at Final Visit (24-week study) |
|||
|
|
Metformin
Hydrochloride Tablets |
Metformin
Hydrochloride
Extended
Release Tablets USP |
|
|
|
500
mg
Twice Daily |
1000
mg
Once Daily |
1500
mg
Once Daily |
|
Hemoglobin
A
1
c
(%)
Baseline Change at 12 Weeks (95% CI) Change at FINAL VISIT (95% CI) |
(
n
=
67
)
7.06 0.14 (-0.03, 0.31) 0.14 a (-0.04, 0.31) |
(
n
=
72
)
6.99 0.23 (0.10, 0.36) 0.27 (0.11, 0.43) |
(
n
=
66
)
7.02 0.04 (-0.08, 0.15) 0.13 (-0.02, 0.28) |
|
FPG
(
mg
/
dL
)
Baseline Change at 12 Weeks (95% CI) Change at FINAL VISIT (95% CI) |
(
n
=
69
)
127.2 12.9 (6.5, 19.4) 14.0 (7.0, 21.0) |
(
n
=
72
)
131.0 9.5 (4.4, 14.6) 11.5 (4.4, 18.6) |
(
n
=
70
)
131.4 3.7 (-0.4, 7.8) 7.6 (1.0, 14.2) |
|
Body
Weight
(
lbs
)
Baseline Change at 12 Weeks (95% CI) Change at FINAL VISIT (95% CI) |
(
n
=
71
)
210.3 0.4 (-0.4, 1.5) 0.9 (-0.4, 2.2) |
(
n
=
74
)
202.8 0.9 (0.0, 2.0) 1.1 (-0.2, 2.4) |
(
n
=
71
)
192.7 0.7 (-0.4, 1.8) 0.9 (-0.4, 2.0) |
|
* All patients on metformin hydrochloride tablets 500 mg twice daily at Baseline
a n=68
|
After 12 weeks of treatment, there was an increase in mean HbA 1c in all groups; in the metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP 1000 mg group, the increase from baseline of 0.23% was statistically significant (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).
Changes in lipid parameters in the previously described placebo-controlled dose-response study of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP are shown in Table 8.
|
Table 8: Summary of Mean Percent Changes from Baseline* in Major Lipid Variables at Final Visit (16-week study) |
||||||
|
|
Metformin
Hydrochloride
Extended
Release
Tablets
USP
|
|
||||
|
|
500
mg
Once Daily |
1000
mg
Once Daily |
1500
mg
Once Daily |
2000
mg
Once Daily |
1000
mg
Twice Daily |
Placebo
|
|
Total
Cholesterol
( mg / dL ) Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT |
(
n
=
120
)
210.3 1.0% |
(
n
=
113
)
218.1 1.7% |
(
n
=
110
)
214.6 0.7% |
(
n
=
126
)
204.4 -1.6% |
(
n
=
117
)
208.2 -2.6% |
(
n
=
110
)
208.6 2.6% |
|
Total
Triglycerides
( mg / dL ) Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT |
(
n
=
120
)
220.2 14.5% |
(
n
=
113
)
211.9 9.4% |
(
n
=
110
)
198.0 15.1% |
(
n
=
126
)
194.2 14.9% |
(
n
=
117
)
179.0 9.4% |
(
n
=
110
)
211.7 10.9% |
|
LDL
-
Cholesterol
( mg / dL ) Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT |
(
n
=
119
)
131.0 -1.4% |
(
n
=
113
)
134.9 -1.6% |
(
n
=
109
)
135.8 -3.5% |
(
n
=
126
)
125.8 -3.3% |
(
n
=
117
)
131.4 -5.5% |
(
n
=
107
)
131.9 3.2% |
|
HDL
-
Cholesterol
( mg / dL ) Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT |
(
n
=
120
)
40.8 6.2% |
(
n
=
108
)
41.6 8.6% |
(
n
=
108
)
40.6 5.5% |
(
n
=
125
)
40.2 6.1% |
(
n
=
117
)
42.4 7.1% |
(
n
=
108
)
39.4 5.8% |
|
*All patients on diet therapy at Baseline
|
Changes in lipid parameters in the previously described study of metformin hydrochloride tablets and metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP are shown in Table 9.
|
Table 9: Summary of Mean Percent Changes from Baseline* in Major Lipid Variables at Final Visit (24-week study) |
|||
|
|
Metformin
Hydrochloride
Tablets |
Metformin
Hydrochloride
Extended
Release
Tablets USP |
|
|
|
500 mg
Twice Daily |
1000
mg
Once Daily |
1500
mg
Once Daily |
|
Total
Cholesterol
(
mg
/
dL
)
Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT |
(
n
=
68
)
199.0 0.1% |
(
n
=
70
)
201.9 1.3% |
(
n
=
66
)
201.6 0.1% |
|
Total
Triglycerides
(
mg
/
dL
)
Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT |
(
n
=
68
)
178.0 6.3% |
(
n
=
70
)
169.2 25.3% |
(
n
=
66
)
206.8 33.4% |
|
LDL
-
Cholesterol
(
mg
/
dL
)
Baseline Mean %Change at FINAL VISIT |
(
n
=
68
)
122.1 -1.3% |
(
n
=
70
)
126.2 -3.3% |
(
n
=
66
)
115.7 -3.7% |
|
HDL
-
Cholesterol
(
mg
/
dL
)
Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT |
(
n
=
68
)
41.9 4.8% |
(
n
=
70
)
41.7 1.0% |
(
n
=
65
)
44.6 -2.1% |
|
*All patients on metformin hydrochloride tablet 500 mg twice daily at Baseline
|
CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term carcinogenicity studies have been performed in rats (dosing duration of 104 weeks) and mice (dosing duration of 91 weeks) at doses up to and including 900 mg/kg/day and 1500 mg/kg/day, respectively.
These doses are both approximately four times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2000 mg based on body surface area comparisons. No evidence of carcinogenicity with metformin was found in either male or female mice. Similarly, there was no tumorigenic potential observed with metformin in male rats. There was, however, an increased incidence of benign stromal uterine polyps in female rats treated with 900 mg/kg/day.
There was no evidence of a mutagenic potential of metformin in the following in vitro tests: Ames test ( S. typhimurium), gene mutation test (mouse lymphoma cells), or chromosomal aberrations test (human lymphocytes). Results in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test were also negative.
Fertility of male or female rats was unaffected by metformin when administered at doses as high as 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately three times the maximum recommended human daily dose based on body surface area comparisons.
SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION
Recommended Dosing Schedule
Adults - In general, clinically significant responses are not seen at doses below 1500 mg per day. However, a lower recommended starting dose and gradually increased dosage is advised to minimize gastrointestinal symptoms.
The usual starting dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP is 500 mg once daily with the evening meal. Dosage increases should be made in increments of 500 mg weekly, up to a maximum of 2000 mg once daily with the evening meal. If glycemic control is not achieved on metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets 2000 mg once daily, a trial of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets 1000 mg twice daily should be considered. If higher doses of metformin are required, metformin hydrochloride tablets should be used at total daily doses up to 2550 mg administered in divided daily doses, as described above. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Clinical Studies. )
In a randomized trial, patients currently treated with metformin hydrochloride tablets were switched to metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP. Results of this trial suggest that patients receiving metformin hydrochloride tablets treatment may be safely switched to metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP once daily at the same total daily dose, up to 2000 mg once daily. Following a switch from metformin hydrochloride tablets to metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, glycemic control should be closely monitored and dosage adjustments made accordingly (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Clinical Studies).
Pediatrics - Safety and effectiveness of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP in pediatric patients have not been established.
Transfer From Other Antidiabetic Therapy
When transferring patients from standard oral hypoglycemic agents other than chlorpropamide to metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP, no transition period generally is necessary. When transferring patients from chlorpropamide, care should be exercised during the first two weeks because of the prolonged retention of chlorpropamide in the body, leading to overlapping drug effects and possible hypoglycemia.
SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION
Concomitant Metformin Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablets USP and Oral Sulfonylurea Therapy in Adult Patients
If patients have not responded to four weeks of the maximum dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP monotherapy, consideration should be given to gradual addition of an oral sulfonylurea while continuing metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP at the maximum dose, even if prior primary or secondary failure to a sulfonylurea has occurred. Clinical and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction data are currently available only for metformin plus glyburide (glibenclamide).
With concomitant metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and sulfonylurea therapy, the desired control of blood glucose may be obtained by adjusting the dose of each drug. However, attempts should be made to identify the minimum effective dose of each drug to achieve this goal. With concomitant metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and sulfonylurea therapy, the risk of hypoglycemia associated with sulfonylurea therapy continues and may be increased. Appropriate precautions should be taken. (See Package Insert of the respective sulfonylurea.)
If patients have not satisfactorily responded to one to three months of concomitant therapy with the maximum dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and the maximum dose of an oral sulfonylurea, consider therapeutic alternatives including switching to insulin with or without metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP.
Concomitant Metformin Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablets USP and Insulin Therapy in Adult Patients
The current insulin dose should be continued upon initiation of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP therapy. Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP therapy should be initiated at 500 mg once daily in patients on insulin therapy. For patients not responding adequately, the dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP should be increased by 500 mg after approximately 1 week and by 500 mg every week thereafter until adequate glycemic control is achieved. The maximum recommended daily dose is 2000 mg for metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP. It is recommended that the insulin dose be decreased by 10% to 25% when fasting plasma glucose concentrations decrease to less than 120 mg/dL in patients receiving concomitant insulin and metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP. Further adjustment should be individualized based on glucose-lowering response.
Specific Patient Populations
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP is not recommended for use in pregnancy. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets USP is not recommended in pediatric patients (below the age of 17 years).
The initial and maintenance dosing of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP should be conservative in patients with advanced age, due to the potential for decreased renal function in this population. Any dosage adjustment should be based on a careful assessment of renal function. Generally, elderly, debilitated, and malnourished patients should not be titrated to the maximum dose of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP.
Monitoring of renal function is necessary to aid in prevention of lactic acidosis, particularly in the elderly. (See WARNINGS .)
SPL UNCLASSIFIED SECTION
What are the side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP?
Lactic Acidosis. In rare cases, metformin hydrochloride can cause a serious side effect called lactic acidosis. This is caused by a buildup of lactic acid in your blood. This buildup can cause serious damage. Lactic acidosis caused by metformin hydrochloride is rare and has occurred mostly in people whose kidneys were not working normally. Lactic acidosis has been reported in about one in 33,000 patients taking metformin hydrochloride over the course of a year. Although rare, if lactic acidosis does occur, it can be fatal in up to half the people who develop it.
It is also important for your liver to be working normally when you take metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP. Your liver helps remove lactic acid from your blood.
Make sure you tell your doctor before you use metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP if you have kidney or liver problems. You should also stop using metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and call your doctor right away if you have signs of lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency that must be treated in a hospital.
Signs of lactic acidosis are:
- feeling very weak, tired, or uncomfortable
- unusual muscle pain
- trouble breathing
- unusual or unexpected stomach discomfort
- feeling cold
- feeling dizzy or lightheaded
- suddenly developing a slow or irregular heartbeat
If your medical condition suddenly changes, stop taking metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP and call your doctor right away. This may be a sign of lactic acidosis or another serious side effect.
Other Side Effects. Common side effects of metformin hydrochloride include diarrhea, nausea, and upset stomach. These side effects generally go away after you take the medicine for a while. Taking your medicine with meals can help reduce these side effects. Tell your doctor if the side effects bother you a lot, last for more than a few weeks, come back after they’ve gone away, or start later in therapy. You may need a lower dose or need to stop taking the medicine for a short period or for good.
About 3 out of every 100 people who take metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP have an unpleasant metallic taste when they start taking the medicine. It lasts for a short time.
Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP rarely cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) by themselves. However, hypoglycemia can happen if you do not eat enough, if you drink alcohol, or if you take other medicines to lower blood sugar.
General advice about prescription medicines
If you have questions or problems, talk with your doctor or other healthcare provider. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for the information about metformin hydrochloride that is written for health care professionals. Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a patient information leaflet. Do not use metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets USP for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not share your medicine with other people.
Manufactured By:
Inventia Healthcare Private Limited
Plot No.F1 & F-1/1, Additional Ambernath M.I.D.C.,
Ambernath (East)-421506,
Dist. Thane, Maharashtra, India
Distributed by:
Ascend Laboratories, LLC Montvale,
NJ 07645